Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Women in Space - Female Astronauts and Cosmonauts 1959 - Jerrie Cobb selected for testing for the Mercury astronaut training program. 1962 - Though Jerrie Cobb and 12 other women (the Mercury 13) passed astronaut admission tests, NASA decides not to select any women. Congressional hearings include testimony by Cobb and others, including Senator Philip Hart, husband of one of the Mercury 13. 1962 - The Soviet Union recruited five women to become cosmonauts. 1963 - June - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut from the USSR, becomes the first woman in space. She flew Vostok 6, orbiting the earth 48 times, and was in space nearly three day. 1978 - Six women chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid.   Lucid, already a mother, is questioned about the effect of her work on her children. 1982 -  Svetlana Savitskaya,  USSR  cosmonaut, becomes the second woman in space, flying aboard the Soyuz T-7. 1983 - June - Sally Ride, American astronaut, becomes the first American woman in space, the third woman in space. She was a member of the crew on STS-7, space shuttle  Challenger. 1984 - July - Svetlana Savitskaya, USSR cosmonaut, becomes first woman to walk in space and the first woman to fly in space two times. 1984 - August - Judith Resnik becomes the first Jewish American in space. 1984 - October - Kathryn Sullivan, American astronaut, becomes first American woman to walk in space. 1984 - August - Anna Fisher becomes the first person to retrieve a malfunctioning satellite, using the orbiter remote manipulator arm. She was also the first human mother to travel in space. 1985 - October - Bonnie J. Dunbar made her first of five flights on a space shuttle. She flew again in 1990, 1992, 1995 and 1998. 1985 - November - Mary L. Cleave made her first flight of two into space (the other was in 1989). 1986 - January - Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe were the women among the crew of seven to die on the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded.   Christa McAuliffe, a schoolteacher, was the first non-government civilian to fly on the space shuttle. 1989: October - Ellen S. Baker flew on STS-34, her first flight. She also flew on STS-50 in 1992 and STS-71 in 1995. 1990 - January - Marsha Ivins makes her first of five space shuttle flights. 1991 - April - Linda M. Godwin makes her first of four flights on the space shuttle. 1991 - May - Helen Sharman became the first British citizen to walk in space and the second woman aboard a space station (Mir). 1991 - June - Tamara Jernigan makes her first of five flights in space.   Millie Hughes-Fulford becomes the first female payload specialist. 1992 - January - Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, flying on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-42. 1992 - May - Kathryn Thornton, the second woman to walk in space, was also the first woman to make multiple walks in space (May 1992, and twice in 1993). 1992 - June/July - Bonnie Dunbar and Ellen Baker are among the first American crew to dock with the Russian space station. 1992 - September STS-47 - Mae Jemison becomes first African American woman in space.   Jan Davis, on her first flight, with her husband, Mark Lee, become the first married couple to flly in space together. 1993 - January  - Susan J. Helms flew on the first of her five space shuttle missions. 1993 - April - Ellen Ochoa becomes first Hispanic American woman in space. She flew three more missions. 1993 - June - Janice E. Voss flew her first of five missions.   Nancy J. Currie flew her first of four missions. 1994 - July - Chiaki Mukai becomes the first Japanese woman in space, on U.S. space shuttle mission STS-65. She flew again in 1998 on STS-95. 1994 - October - Yelena Kondakova flew her first of two missions to the Mir Space Station. 1995 - February - Eileen Collins becomes the  first woman to pilot a space shuttle. She flew three more missions, in 1997, 1999 and 2005. 1995 - March - Wendy Lawrence  flew the first of four missions on the space shuttle. 1995  - July - Mary Weber flew the first of two space shuttle missions. 1995  - October - Cahterine Coleman flew her first of three missions, two on the U.S. space shuttle and, in 2010, one on Soyuz. 1996 - March - Linda M. Godwin becomes the fourth woman to walk in space, making another walk later in 2001. 1996 - August - Claudie Haignerà © Claudie Haignerà ©the first French woman in space. She flew two missions on Soyuz, the second in 2001. 1996 - September - Shannon Lucid returns from her six months on Mir, the Russian space station, with a record for the time in space for women and for Americans she is also the first woman to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. She was the first American woman to fly on a space station. She was the first woman to make three, four and five space flights. 1997 - April - Susan Still Kilrain became the second female shuttle pilot.   She also flew in July 1997. 1997 - May -  Yelena Kondakova becomes  the first Russian woman to travel on the U.S. space shuttle. 1997 - November - Kalpana Chawla becomes the first Indian American woman in space. 1998 - April - Kathryn P. Hire flew her first of two missions. 1998 - May - Nearly 2/3 of the flight control team for STS-95 were women, including the launch commentator, Lisa Malone, the ascent commentator, Eileen Hawley, the flight directory, Linda Harm, and the communicator between crew and mission control, Susan Still. 1998 - December - Nancy Currie completes the first task in assembling the International Space Station. 1999 - May - Tamara Jernigan, on her fifth space flight, becomes the fifth woman to walk in space. 1999 - July - Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to command a space shuttle. 2001 - March - Susan J. Helms becomes the sixth woman to walk in space. 2003 - January - Kalpana Chawla and Laurel B. Clark die among the crew in the Columbia disaster aboard STS-107.   It was Clarks first mission. 2006 - September - Anousheh Ansara, on board for a Soyuz mission, becomes the first Iranian in space and the first female space tourist. 2007 - When Tracy Caldwell Dyson flies her first US space shuttle mission in August, she becomes the first astronaut in space who was born after the Apollo 11 flight.   She flew in 2010 on the Soyuz, becoming the 11th woman to walk in space. 2008 - Yi So-yeon becomes the first Korean in space. 2012 - Chinas first female astronaut, Liu Yang, flies in space.   Wang Yaping becomes the second the following year. 2014 - Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, carried an Olympic flag in the Winter Olympics. 2014  -   Yelena Serova becomes the first woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station. Samantha Cristoforetti becomes the first Italian woman in space and the first Italian woman on the International Space Station. This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

History, Names, and Role of Dogs in Japanese Culture

History, Names, and Role of Dogs in Japanese Culture The Japanese word for dog is inu. You can write inu in either hiragana or kanji, but since the kanji character for dog is quite simple, try learning how to write it in kanji. Typical Japanese dogs include Akita, Tosa, and Shiba breeds. The onomatopoeic phrase for a dogs bark is wan-wan. In Japan, the dog is believed to have been domesticated as early as the Jomon period (10,000 B.C.). White dogs are thought to be especially auspicious and often appear in folk tales (such as Hanasaka jiisan). In the Edo period, Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi, the fifth shogun and an ardent Buddhist, ordered the protection of all animals, especially dogs. His regulations concerning dogs were so extreme that he was ridiculed as the Inu Shogun. A more recent story is the tale of Hachiko, the chuuken or faithful dog from the 1920s. Hachiko met his master at Shibuya station at the end of every workday. Even after his master died one day at work, Hachiko continued to wait at the station for 10 years. He became a popular symbol of devotion. After his death, Hachikos body was put in a museum, and there is a bronze statue of him in front of Shibuya station. Critical phrases referring to inu are as common in Japan as they are in the West. Inujini, to die like dog, is to die meaninglessly. To call someone a dog is to accuse him or her of being a spy or dupe. Inu mo arukeba bou ni ataru or when the dog walks, it runs across a stick is a common saying, meaning that when you walk outside, you could possibly meet with an unexpected fortune. Kobanashi: Ji no Yomenu Inu Here is a kobanashi (funny story) titled Ji no Yomenu Inu, or The Dog That Can’t Read.† Inu no daikiraina otoko ga, tomodachi ni kikimashita.†Naa, inu ga itemo heiki de tooreru houhou wa nai darou ka.†Ã¢â‚¬ Soitsu wa, kantanna koto sa.Te no hira ni tora to iu ji o kaite oite, inu ga itara soitsu o miseru n da.Suruto inu wa okkanagatte nigeru kara.†Ã¢â‚¬ Fumu fumu. Soitsu wa, yoi koto o kiita.†Otoko wa sassoku, te no hira ni tora to iu ji o kaite dekakemashita.Shibaraku iku to, mukou kara ookina inu ga yatte kimasu.Yoshi, sassoku tameshite yarou.Otoko wa te no hira o, inu no mae ni tsukidashimashita.Suruto inu wa isshun bikkuri shita monono, ookina kuchi o akete sono te o gaburi to kandan desu. Tsugi no hi, te o kamareta otoko ga tomodachi ni monku o iimashita.†Yai, oame no iu youni, te ni tora to iu ji o kaite inu ni meseta ga, hore kono youni, kuitsukarete shimatta wa.†Suruto tomodachi wa, kou iimashita.†Yare yare, sore wa fuun na koto da. Osoraku sono inu wa, ji no yomenu inu darou.† Grammar In the above story, â€Å"fumu fumu,† â€Å"yoshi,† and â€Å"yare yare† are Japanese interjections. â€Å"Fumu fumu† can be translated as, â€Å"Hmm,† or, â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Yare yare,† describes a sigh of relief. Here are some examples. Yoshi, sore ni kimeta: OK, I am sold on that idea!Yoshi, hikiukeyou: All right, I will take it on.Yare yare, yatto tsuita: Well, here we are at last.Yare yare, kore de tasukatta: Hallelujah! We are safe at last.

Marketing communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing communications - Essay Example Advertising using these mediums has changed perspectives of brands in our minds. Furthermore, marketing tools such as aiming below-the-line marketing, direct marketing, personal selling, door-to-door selling are now being used to sell customized products to the customers just like the way they want it. Now customers can also enjoy the luxuries just by a click of a mouse or a remote on a TV to shop online, order through the phone or book products through telemarketing. A company can use many different mediums of communicating their intended message to the customers as mentioned in the preceding section. However, due to resource shortage, companies do efficient resource allocation which in the marketing world is known as adopting the right Marketing (Promotion) Mix. The Promotions Mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing that an organization uses to pursue its marketing objectives. The promotional mix itself is part of the wider marketing mix; it is one of the four P's of marketing, product, price, and place and of course promotion itself. First and foremost it is important to consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of each component/tool of the promotional mix in deciding... Typical advertising media include Yellow Pages, local newspapers, radio, television advertisements, trade journals, exhibitions and websites. The advantage of advertising is that it can reach a large and geographically dispersed audience It has a low cost per exposure, though the overall costs of making advertisements and producing and airing them might be high. Advertising also tends to create brand recognition Reinforces product existence (by consistently repeating key messages) Dramatizes company/brand Builds brand image The disadvantages can be its impersonal outlook lack of direct feedback (one-way communication) As mentioned earlier it is expensive Personal selling Personal selling is a very effective form of promotion since it allows customization according to the needs of the customers. For example it can be a presentation by a company's sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships Personal selling is very effective marketing tool for building customer relationships as personal interaction allows for feedback and adjustments; Buyers are more attentive; Sales force represents a long-term commitment; Allows for direct and immediate response to customer feedback; Disadvantages are that it is one of the most expensive of the promotional tools both in terms of time and money. But it must be borne in mind that active networking with existing customers, business associations and even suppliers can play an important role in promoting the business to a wider target audience. Sales promotion Sales promotion usually constitutes short-term, specific incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. A large variety of sales promotion tools can be used such

Facebook use benifits and risks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facebook use benifits and risks - Research Paper Example These teenagers have brought with them the much needed attention deriving regime which is so very important for this age population in the current times. The benefits of using Facebook for the teenagers is that they remain busy in one chore or the other whilst being on a page, at a friend’s wall or even while viewing photos. The negative is that they find out just too much for their liking. The element of gossip within the teenagers is derived from the feed that they witness or post on the Facebook. Facebook is such a big phenomenon in their social circle that they cannot live without it. They believe that their whole life is dependent on the good and bad points that come attached with Facebook in essence. There is a good amount of research available that infers the fact that Facebook is creating waves for all the right and wrong reasons. Delving deep into the benefits of Facebook, one should understand that Facebook is a complete experience for the teens of today. They can gain so much from it that one can only fathom about. The positives are in the wake of understanding how they get to become friends with people they have just met in real life, and at times too when they have not even met an individual; they are connected in a virtual world through Facebook. The positives are endless and the bounties that come attached with it are aplenty. Facebook educates the users to have a smooth flow of the website which is indeed a social networking tool (Greenfield 2008). The Help section represents the manner in which steps are detailed in a sequential way. The step by step procedures are such that one can comprehend a great amount of knowledge and information from the manual that is embedded within Facebook. Also the amount of information that they receive with regards to their favorite eateries, products, events and servi ces is something that one can see as a major positive within the thick of things. Facebook educates,

Diversity and Background Experience Essay Example for Free

Diversity and Background Experience Essay Teaching is a profession that indeed gives me fulfillment and self-satisfaction. I have always wanted to teach to share my knowledge, learning, ideas and most of all, my imagination. I yearn to give the best in my students that is why I have always prepared my lessons and teach them from the very bottom of my heart. One of the most challenging experiences that I encounter in my teaching profession is to be involved and to be immersed in students of diverse populations. During the process, I encounter dilemmas that test my patience but I have done my best to retain in composure. I have a very long patience and that is a great help; however, due to the number of students who belong in diverse races, my patience has been almost brought on its limit. On the other hand, I have learned to manage my students which in turn allow me to handle them easily. The problems that have arisen on the process disintegrate in the long run. I need not to take those dilemmas seriously because it will only affect me when teaching. However, it is not only me that suffers from problems with diverse populations. Some of my students approach me due to the fact that they are being bullied because of their race, tradition and skin color. As their teacher, I know that I have to do something. I have given them advices during the consultation and promise them that I am going to make a move that will help eradicate the discrimination in class. Dealing with students of diverse population offers a myriad of challenges to a teacher. It is important for the teacher to cope and to struggle with those challenges. How did I cope and struggle on those challenges? Basically, the answer lies on the assets that I possess and the assets that I bring in the four-corner room. The subsequent assets are divided into two. First are the assets that I have. I am confident that as an individual and as a teacher, I have unique skills and abilities; some are innate, others are learned and acquired. Second are the assets that I bring in the classroomthe teaching strategies and techniques that I have presented and the vision to change what has been acquainted by my students regarding the treatment of their fellow students. As an individual, I possess a very long patience that help me deal with my deviant, lazy and naughty students. Being their teacher, I have to do something that will help them perform well in class. During my session, I use to share jokes and anecdotes in relation to our lessons so that I can capture their interest; and in order to avoid boredom. Of course, I know how it feels to listen to professors who teach their undying litany, while oozing with boredom. In my part, I do not want my students to experience that to me. I desire everyone to be awake while I am teaching. On the other hand, the teaching strategies that I have done and presented are anchored on my creativity and imagination. I want each meeting to be unique; in order to do that, I devise different kinds of teaching techniques that will enable my students to participate actively in class. I believe that education is not just confined in the four-corner room—formal setting. I believe that education can also be acquired in an informal setting thus my students and I go for fieldtrips and conduct lessons outside the classroom. I yearn for them to maintain and sustain their interest in my subject. I yearn for them to look forward every meeting and I know that I have achieved it. Furthermore, to satisfy my vision with regards to the treatment of their fellow students, I have taught them the concept of racism and discrimination. I have conducted an activity that will allow them to participate and to talk with their fellow students of different race and tradition. In the long run, the move is a triumph. Everyone in class has already respect each other; bullying a person has disintegrated. Being a teacher, my ultimate goal is to share my knowledge and learning and to transfer and to give to my students my excitement and passion. Teaching profession is indeed self-satisfying. It aids me nourish not just my physical self but also†¦ my soul.

Review Of Demian By Hesse :: essays research papers

How to be Enlightened A Review of Demian, by Hermann Hesse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does one become enlightened? Some would say, deep meditation, others would say, some long mystical journey that involves some spiritual guide. I think that the best person to study for that question would be Hermann Hesse. Hesse has written many books, involving profound ideas on the subject of enlightenment. One great book is Demian. I found three ways to become enlightened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first is that we must look at the bible/religion as a whole. Emil Sinclair realized that God is not just heavenly but also evil. After all he created hell and all the factors that lead up to the dark side. â€Å"...I mean we ought to consider everything sacred, the entire world, not this artificially separated half...† (51). It made me think that we need to see that if God is real, he is the biggest puppet master in the universe, setting up bad plays for his own amusement, such as the crucifixion of his son, which was a questionable way of proving something to mankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second would be the great idea that Pistorious stated,†...if nature has made you a bat, you shouldn’t try to be an ostrich...†(92) This idea is reflected though everyone. No one should ever think they shouldn’t be who they are.. It makes sense for the refinery of a soon to be enlightened person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thirdly, believing in yourself, and only yourself. In accordance to life, if someone is not believing themselves, they are just a follower. â€Å"...A whole society composed of men afraid of the unknown within them!...†(115). That quote made the most sense to me when thinking about Hitler, and all his German followers, when they never even reached inside themselves to ask, is this really the right thing to do?

The Us Court System

The US Court System The courts are the overseers of the law. They administer it, they resolve disputes under it, and they ensure that it is and remains equal to and impartial for everyone. In the United States each state is served by the separate court systems, state and federal. Both systems are organized into three basic lev- – els of courts — trial courts, intermediate courts of appeal and a high court, or Supreme Court. The state courts are concerned essentially with cases arising under state law, and the federal courts with cases arising under federal law. Trial courts bear the main burden in the administration of justice.Cases begin there and in most instances are finally resolved there. The trial courts in each state include: common plelis courts, which have general civil and criminal jurisdiction and smaller in importance municipal courts, county courts and mayors’ courts. The common pleas court is the most important of the trial courts. It is the court o f general jurisdiction — almost any civil or criminal case, ’ serious or minor, may first be brought there, In criminal matters, the common pleas courts have exclusive jurisdiction over felonies (a felony is a serious crime for which the penalty is a penitentiary term or death).In civil matters it has exclusive jurisdiction in probate, domestic relations and juvenile matters. The probate division deals with wills and the administration of estates, adoptions, guardianships. It grants marriage licenses to perform marriages. The domestic division deals with divorce, alimony, child custody. The juvenile division has jurisdiction over delinquent, unruly or neglected children and over adults, who neglect, abuse or contribute to the delinquency of children. When a juvenile (any person under 18) is accused of an offence, whether serious, or minor, the juvenile division has exclusive jurisdiction over the case.The main job of courts of appeal is to review cases appealed from tr ial courts to determine if the law was correctly interpreted and applied. The supreme court of each state is primarily a court of appeal and the court of last resort. The federal court structure is similar to the structure of the state court system. The trial courts in the federal system are the United States district courts. The United States courts of appeal are intermediate courts of appeal between the district courts and the United States Supreme Court.The US Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation and the court of last resort. It consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all of whom are appointed for life by the President with the Advice and Consent of the Senate. The duty of the Supreme Court is to decide whether laws passed by Congress agree with the Constitution. The great legal issues facing the Supreme Court at present are Government involvement with religion, abortion and privacy rights, race and sex discrimination.